Vacunación antineumocócica: situación actual / Pneumococcal vaccination: current status

Las infecciones por Streptococcus pneumoniae originan una importante morbilidad y mortalidad. Entre las personas más susceptibles a su desarrollo se encuentran las de mayor edad, los pacientes inmunodeprimidos y aquellos con comorbilidad, pudiendo presentar además una mayor gravedad y una evolución más desfavorable. Las pautas de vacunación frente al neumococo tienen como objetivo disminuir la incidencia de estas infecciones. Las recomendaciones para ello han ido cambiando a lo largo de los años. La reciente aprobación de la vacuna neumocócica conjugada 20-valente simplifica la pauta previa, al unificar las indicaciones de vacunación en población adulta a partir de los 60 años con y sin factores predisponentes, así como en menores de 60 años con condiciones de riesgo. Está autorizada para mayores de 18 años, por lo que en menores se mantiene la pauta previa: a) si no hay factores ni condiciones de riesgo, se indican tres dosis de vacuna neumocócica conjugada 13 o 15-valente a los 2, 4 y 11 meses; b) si existen factores o condiciones de riesgo, a partir de los 2 años de edad puede ser necesario asociar la vacuna neumocócica de polisacáridos de 23 serotipos. (AU)

Streptococcus pneumoniae infections cause significant morbidity and mortality. Among the people most susceptible to infections are the elderly, immunosuppressed patients, and those with comorbidities, presenting a greater severity and a more unfavorable condition. Vaccination guidelines against pneumococcus aim to reduce the incidence of these infections, whose recommendations have changed over the years. The recent approval of the 20-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine simplifies the previous regimen, by unifying the indications for vaccination in the adult population aged 60 years and older with and without predisposing factors, as well as in those aged under 60 years with conditions of risk. It is authorized for the individuals aged over 18 years, so the previous regimen has been maintained in minors: a) if there are no risk factors or conditions, three doses are indicated: 13- or 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at 2, 4, and 11 months and b) if there are risk factors or conditions, it may be necessary to associate the 23 serotypes pnemococcal polysaccharide vaccine from 2 years of age. (AU)

Larva currens secundaria a corticoterapia. Reporte de un caso / Larva currens secondary to corticotherapy. Case report

La infección por el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) tuvo un tratamiento debatido debido a la incógnita sobre su patogenia,que con el pasar del tiempo se aclaró evidenciándose un componente inflamatorio, siendo la corticoterapia una opciónterapéutica. En pacientes con corticoides es primordial conocer las posibles reacciones colaterales por su efecto inmuno-supresor. Presentamos el caso de un varón de origen ecuatoriano, de 48 años, que tras infección por SARS-CoV-2 tratadacon corticoides presentó exantema serpiginoso que tras serología para Strongyloides stercoralis se confirmó el diagnósticode larva currens.(AU)

The infection by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) had in its beginnings a debated treatment, due to the unknown aboutits pathogenesis, which with the passage of time was clarified evidencing an inflammatory component. Corticosteroid the-rapy showed as a therapeutic option. In patients with corticosteroids it is essential to know the possible side reactions dueto their immunosuppressive effect. We present the case of a 48-year-old male from Ecuador, who after infection by SARS-CoV-2 treated with corticosteroids, suffering as a complication the appearance of a serpiginous rash in the lumbar region.Due to its migratory history, serology for Strongyloides stercoralis, the diagnosis of currens larva was confirmed.(AU)

[All Roads Lead to Rome: Results of Non-Invasive Respiratory Therapies Applied in a Tertiary-Care Hospital Without an Intermediate Care Unit During the COVID-19 Pandemic]. / Todos los caminos llevan a Roma: resultados de las terapias respiratorias no invasivas aplicadas en un centro terciario sin Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Introduction: Non-invasive respiratory therapies (NRT) were widely used in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in different settings, depending on availability. The objective of our study was to present 90-day survival and associated factors in patients treated with NRT in a tertiary hospital without an Intermediate Respiratory Care Unit. The secondary objective was to compare the outcomes of the different therapies. Methods: Observational study of patients treated with NRT outside of an intensive care or intermediate respiratory care unit setting, diagnosed with COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome by radiological criteria and SpO2/FiO2 ratio. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed to determine independently associated variables, and the outcomes of high flow nasal cannula and continuous positive airway pressure were compared. Results: In total, 107 patients were treated and 85 (79.4%) survived at 90 days. Before starting NRT, the mean SpO2/FiO2 ratio was 119.8 ± 59.4. A higher SOFA score was significantly associated with mortality (OR 2,09; 95% CI 1.34-3.27), while self-pronation was a protective factor (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.06-0.91). High flow nasal cannula was used in 63 subjects (58.9%), and continuous positive airway pressure in 41 (38.3%), with no differences between them. Conclusion: Approximately 4 out of 5 patients treated with NRT survived to 90 days, and no significant differences were found between high flow nasal cannula and continuous positive airway pressure.

The Influence of Sex on Clinical Outcomes after Surgical Mitral Valve Replacement in Spain (2001-2015).

(1) Background: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most prevalent valvular heart disease in developed countries. Mitral valve (MV) disease is a common cause of heart failure and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S.A. and Europe. (2) Methods: We performed a retrospective study using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database, 2001-2015. We included patients that had surgical mitral valve replacement (SMVR) listed as a procedure in their discharge report. We sought to (i) examine trends in incidence of SMVR among women and men in Spain, (ii) compare in-hospital outcomes for mechanical and bioprosthetic SMVR by sex, and (iii) identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM) after SMVR. (3) Results: We identified 44,340 hospitalizations for SMVR (84% mechanical, 16% bioprosthetic). The incidence of SMVR was higher in women (IRR 1.51; 95% CI 1.48-1.54). The use of mechanical SMVR decreased over time in both sexes and the use of bioprosthetic valves increased over time in both sexes. Men who underwent mechanical and bioprosthetic SMVR had higher comorbidity than women. IHM was significantly lower in women who underwent SMVR than in men (10% vs. 12% p < 0.001 for mechanical and 14% vs. 16% p = 0.025 for bioprosthetic valve, respectively). Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) were also significantly lower in women who underwent mechanical and bioprosthetic SMVR. A significant reduction in both in-hospital MACCEs and IHM was observed over the study period regardless of sex. After multivariable logistic regression, male sex was associated with increased IHM only in bioprosthetic SMVR (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.1-1.5). (4) Conclusions: This nationwide analysis over 15 years of sex-specific outcomes after SMVR showed that incidences are significantly higher in women than men for mechanical and bioprosthetic SMVR. IHM and MACCE have improved over time for SMVR in both sexes. Male sex was independently associated with higher mortality after bioprosthetic SMVR.

Ventilatory Support Use in Hospitalized Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Fifteen-year Trends in Spain (2001-2015) / Uso de soporte ventilatorio en pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Tendencias a lo largo de 15 años en España (2001-2015)

AIM: We examined fifteen years trends (2001-2015) in the use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or both (NIV+IMV) among patients hospitalized for community acquired pneumonia (CAP). We also analyzed trends overtime and the influence of patient factors in the in-hospital mortality (IHM) after receiving NIV, IMV or NIV + IMV. METHODS: Observational retrospective epidemiological study. Our data source was the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. RESULTS: Over a total of 1,486,240 hospitalized patients with CAP, we identified 56,158 who had received ventilator support in Spain over the study period. Of them, 54.82% received NIV, 37.04% IMV and 8.14% both procedures. The use of NIV and NIV + IMV increased significantly (p < 0.001) over time (from 0.91 to 12.84 per 100.000 inhabitant and from 0.23 to 1.19 per 100.000 inhabitants, respectively), while the IMV utilization decreased (from 3.55 to 2.79 per 100,000 inhabitants; p < 0.001). Patients receiving NIV were the oldest and had the highest mean value in the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score and readmission rate. Patients who received only IMV had the highest IHM. Factors associated with IHM for all groups analyzed included age, comorbidities and readmission. IHM decreased significantly over time in patients with CAP who received NIV, IMV and NIV + IMV. CONCLUSIONS: We found an increase in NIV use and a decline in IMV utilization in patients hospitalized for CAP over the study period. Patients receiving NIV were the oldest and had the highest CCI score and readmission rate. IHM decreased significantly over time in patients with CAP who received NIV, IMV and NIV + IMV

OBJETIVO: Estudiamos las tendencias a lo largo de 15 años (2001-2015) en el uso de la ventilación no invasiva (VNI), la ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) o ambas (VNI + VMI) en los pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC). También analizamos las tendencias en el tiempo y la influencia de los factores del paciente en la mortalidad hospitalaria (MH) después de recibir VNI, VMI o VNI + VMI. MÉTODOS: Estudio epidemiológico retrospectivo observacional. Nuestra fuente de datos fue el Registro de Altas de los Hospitales (CMBD) del Sistema Nacional de Salud. RESULTADOS: En un total de 1.486.240 pacientes hospitalizados por NAC, identificamos a 56.158 que habían recibido soporte ventilatorio en España durante el período a estudio. De ellos, el 54,82% recibió VNI, el 37,04% VMI y el 8,14% ambos procedimientos. El uso de VNI y VNI + VMI aumentó significativamente (p < 0,001) con el tiempo (de 0,91 a 12,84 por habitante y de 0,23 a 1,19 por cada 100.000 habitantes, respectivamente), mientras que la utilización de la VMI disminuyó (de 3,55 a 2,79 por cada 100.000 habitantes; p < 0,001). Los pacientes que recibieron VNI fueron los más ancianos y presentaban el valor medio más alto de puntuación en el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson (CCI, por sus siglas en inglés) y en la tasa de reingreso. Los pacientes que recibieron solo VMI presentaron la MH más alta. Los factores asociados a la MH para todos los grupos analizados incluyeron la edad, las comorbilidades y el reingreso. La MH disminuyó significativamente con el tiempo en los pacientes con NAC que recibieron VNI, VMI y VNI + VMI. CONCLUSIONES: Encontramos un aumento en el uso de VNI y una disminución en la utilización de VMI en pacientes hospitalizados por NAC durante el período a estudio. Los pacientes que recibieron VNI fueron los más ancianos y tenían la puntuación más alta en el CCI y la tasa de reingreso más elevada. La MH disminuyó significativamente con el tiempo en los pacientes con NAC que recibieron VNI, VMI y VNI + VMI

Changing Trends in Hospital Admissions for Pulmonary Embolism in Spain from 2001 to 2018.

(1) Background: The aims of this study were to examine trends in the incidence, clinical characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes of patients hospitalized with pulmonary embolism in Spain and to identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM). (2) Methods: We included all patients who were hospitalized for pulmonary embolism between 2001 and 2018. Data were collected from the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. (3) Results: We identified 241,821 hospitalizations for pulmonary embolism during the study period. The incidence of pulmonary embolism increased from 20.49 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in the period 2001-2002 to 35.9 cases in the period 2017-2018 (p < 0.001). After controlling for possible confounders, there was a significant increase in the incidence over the study period (adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.53, 95% Confidence Interval I 1.51-1.56). The median length of hospital stay was 11 days in the period 2001-2002, decreasing to seven days in the period 2017-2018 (p < 0.001). For the total time period, the crude IHM rate was 9.51%. After multivariable adjustment, IHM decreased significantly over time. The IHM was significantly higher in women, in patients suffering from more comorbidities, and in those with a massive pulmonary embolism. (4) Conclusions: Our results revealed an increase in the incidence of pulmonary embolism hospitalizations from 2001 to 2018 in Spain, with older patients being the most affected.

Hospitalizations for Community-Acquired and Non-Ventilator-Associated Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in Spain: Influence of the Presence of Bronchiectasis. A Retrospective Database Study.

To examine and compare in-hospital mortality (IHM) of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) among patients with or without bronchiectasis (BQ) using propensity score matching. A retrospective observational epidemiological study using the Spanish Hospital Discharge Records, 2016-17. We identified 257,455 admissions with CAP (3.97% with BQ) and 17,069 with NV-HAP (2.07% with BQ). Patients with CAP and BQ had less comorbidity, lower IHM, and a longer mean length of hospital stay (p < 0.001) than non-BQ patients. They had a higher number of isolated microorganisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In patients with BQ and NV-HAP, no differences were observed with respect to comorbidity, in-hospital mortality (IHM), or mean length of stay. P. aeruginosa was more frequent (p = 0.028). IHM for CAP and NV-HAP with BQ was 7.89% and 20.06%, respectively. The factors associated with IHM in CAP with BQ were age, comorbidity, pressure ulcers, surgery, dialysis, and invasive ventilation, whereas in NV-HAP with BQ, the determinants were age, metastatic cancer, need for dialysis, and invasive ventilation. Patients with CAP and BQ have less comorbidity, lower IHM and a longer mean length of hospital stay than non-BQ patients. However, they had a higher number of isolated microorganisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In patients with BQ and NV-HAP, no differences were observed with respect to comorbidity, in-hospital mortality, or mean length of stay, but they had a greater frequency of infection by P. aeruginosa than non-BQ patients. Predictors of IHM for both types of pneumonia among BQ patients included dialysis and invasive ventilation.

National Trends in Utilization and In-Hospital Outcomes of Surgical Aortic Valve Replacements in Spain, 2001-2015.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to examine the incidence and in-hospital outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and to identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM) among patients according to the type of implanted valve used in SAVR. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database, 2001-2015. We included patients who had SAVR listed as a procedure in their discharge report. RESULTS: We identified 86,578 patients who underwent SAVR (52.78% mechanical and 47.22% bioprosthetic). Incidence of SAVR coding increased significantly from 11.95 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2001 to 17.92 in 2015 (P<0.001). Age and comorbidities increased over time (P<0.001). There was a significant increase in the frequency of concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and in the use of pacemaker implantation. The use of mechanical SAVR decreased and the use of bioprosthetic valves increased over time. IHM decreased over time (from 8.13% in 2001-05 to 5.39% in 2011-15). Patients who underwent mechanical SAVR had higher IHM than those who underwent bioprosthetic SAVR (7.44% vs. 6%; P<0.05). Higher IHM rates were associated with advanced age, female sex, comorbidities, concomitant CABG, and the use of mechanical SAVR (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.57-1.77). CONCLUSION: The number of SAVRs performed in Spain has increased since 2001. The use of mechanical SAVR has decreased and the use of bioprosthetic valves has increased over time. IHM has decreased over time for both types of valves and despite a concomitant increase in age and comorbidities of patients during the same period.

Heart Failure Is a Risk Factor for Suffering and Dying of Clostridium difficile Infection. Results of a 15-Year Nationwide Study in Spain.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to (1) analyze time trends in the incidence and in-hospital outcomes of heart failure (HF) patients suffering Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI); (2) compare clinical characteristics of CDI patients between those with HF and matched non-HF patients; and (3) identify predictors of in-hospital mortality (IHM) among HF patients suffering CDI. METHODS: Retrospective study using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database from 2001 to 2015. Patients of age ≥40 years with CDI were included. For each HF patient, we selected a year, age, sex, and readmission status-matched non-HF patient. RESULTS: We found 44,695 patients hospitalized with CDI (15.46% with HF). HF patients had a higher incidence of CDI (202.05 vs. 145.09 per 100,000 hospitalizations) than patients without HF (adjusted IRR 1.35; 95%CI 1.31-1.40). IHM was significantly higher in patients with HF when CDI was coded as primary (18.39% vs. 7.63%; p < 0.001) and secondary diagnosis (21.12% vs. 14.76%; p < 0.001). Among HF patient's predictor of IHM were older age (OR 8.80; 95%CI 2.55-20.33 for ≥85 years old), those with more comorbidities (OR 1.68; 95%CI 1.12-2.53 for those with Charlson Comorbidity index ≥2), and in those with severe CDI (OR 6.19; 95%CI 3.80-10.02). CONCLUSIONS: This research showed that incidence of CDI was higher in HF than non-HF patients. HF is a risk factor for IHM after suffering CDI.

National trends in utilization and in-hospital outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacements in spain, 2001-2015

Abstract Objective: The aims of this study were to examine the incidence and in-hospital outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and to identify factors associated with in-hospital mortality (IHM) among patients according to the type of implanted valve used in SAVR. Methods: We performed a retrospective study using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database, 2001-2015. We included patients who had SAVR listed as a procedure in their discharge report. Results: We identified 86,578 patients who underwent SAVR (52.78% mechanical and 47.22% bioprosthetic). Incidence of SAVR coding increased significantly from 11.95 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2001 to 17.92 in 2015 (P<0.001). Age and comorbidities increased over time (P<0.001). There was a significant increase in the frequency of concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and in the use of pacemaker implantation. The use of mechanical SAVR decreased and the use of bioprosthetic valves increased over time. IHM decreased over time (from 8.13% in 2001-05 to 5.39% in 2011-15). Patients who underwent mechanical SAVR had higher IHM than those who underwent bioprosthetic SAVR (7.44% vs. 6%; P<0.05). Higher IHM rates were associated with advanced age, female sex, comorbidities, concomitant CABG, and the use of mechanical SAVR (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.57-1.77). Conclusion: The number of SAVRs performed in Spain has increased since 2001. The use of mechanical SAVR has decreased and the use of bioprosthetic valves has increased over time. IHM has decreased over time for both types of valves and despite a concomitant increase in age and comorbidities of patients during the same period.

Fiebre por humos, qué debemos distinguir / Differential Factors in Fume Fever

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Embolia gaseosa arterial: una rara complicación de la biopsia con aguja gruesa en el diagnóstico del nódulo pulmonar solitario / Arterial Gas Embolism: A Rare Complication of Core Needle Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Solitary Pulmonary Nodule

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Hemoptisis en relación con el tratamiento con acenocumarol en rango terapéutico / Hemoptysis Associated With Therapeutic Doses of Acenocoumarol

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Manejo perioperatorio y periprocedimiento del tratamiento antitrombótico / Perioperative and Periprocedural Management of Antithrombotic Therapy

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Aneurisma de arteria bronquial izquierda / Left Bronchial Artery Aneurysm

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Relación del buen control oximétrico mantenido con la situación clínica, gasométrica y el pronóstico de los pacientes con ventilación mecánica no invasiva domiciliaria / Beneficial effect of nocturnal oximetric control on the clinical and gasometric situation and the prognosis of patients with home non-invasive mechanical ventilation

Introducción y objetivo: La eficacia de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) domiciliaria se evalúa mediante la determinación de los valores gasométricos sanguíneos en vigilia, la evolución de la sintomatología, y la monitorización de la ventilación durante la noche. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar si alcanzar unos valores definidos mediante la oximetría nocturna en la monitorización ambulatoria de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) se relaciona con la evolución clínica, gasométrica y la supervivencia de una muestra de pacientes con VMNI domiciliaria. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional de cohortes retrospectivo de una serie de pacientes en tratamiento con VMNI domiciliaria por diferentes causas. Se excluyeron los pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica y/o menos de 3 meses de seguimiento. Se valora la evolución de la sintomatología, la gasometría arterial basal en vigilia, y los registros oximétricos nocturnos domiciliarios, en cada visita ambulatoria. Se definió buen control oximétrico mantenido (COM) cuando se alcanzan unos valores y se mantienen hasta la última revisión. Se consideraron 2 grupos de pacientes, según alcanzaron o no un buen COM durante el seguimiento. Resultados: se evaluaron 400 pacientes, fueron incluidos finalmente 364 (91%), con una edad mediana de 68 años, el 51% varones. El 37,6% presentaban buen COM a lo largo del seguimiento. Comparando los pacientes con vs. sin buen COM, se obtuvo una menor mortalidad a largo plazo (16,8 vs. 28,2%; p=0,013), mejoría en la sintomatología (33,8 vs. 18,6%; p=0,002), y una menor proporción de pacientes con una PaCO2 persistentemente>50mmHg (14,2 vs. 33,9%; p<0,001). Conclusión: En el seguimiento de pacientes con VMNI domiciliaria en nuestro medio, unos valores definidos en la oximetría nocturna domiciliaria (buen COM) se asocia de forma positiva con una mejoría clínica, gasométrica y una mayor supervivencia a largo plazo

Introduction and objective: The effectiveness of home non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) is assessed by determining blood gas values in wakefulness, the evolution of their symptoms, and the monitoring of ventilation at night. The aim of our study is to evaluate whether defined values reached with outpatient monitoring by oximetry is related to the clinical, arterial gases and survival of a sample of patients with home NIMV. Material and method: Retrospective observational cohort study of a series of patients receiving home NIMV treatment for different causes. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and less than 3 months of follow-up were excluded. The evolution of the patient's symptoms, their baseline arterial blood gases in wakefulness, and home nocturnal oximetry records, are evaluated at each outpatient visit. Good maintained oximetry control (MOC) was defined when mean O2 saturation values were reached and maintained until the last revision. Patient groups were considered, according to whether or not a good MOC was achieved during follow-up. Result: Four hundred patients were evaluated. Three hundred and sixty four (91%) were included in the study; their median age was 68 years, 51% were male. 37.6% had a good MOC during follow-up. Compared to patients with not good MOC, a better long-term mortality was obtained (16.8% vs 28.2%, P=.013), and an improvement in symptoms (33.8% vs 18.6%, P=.002) and a lower proportion of patients with persistently>50mmHg PaCO2 (14.2% vs. 33.9%, P<.001) was observed. Conclusion: In the follow-up of patients with home NIMV in our context, values defined in home nocturnal oximetry (good MOC) are positively associated with clinical, gasometric and longer-term survival

Sarcoma sinovial pleural primario: diagnóstico diferencial con el carcinoma pulmonar microcítico / Primary Pleural Synovial Sarcoma: Differential Diagnosis with Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

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